Q.
A. Among the applicable careers are cultural anthropology, archaeology, and [ancient] history. Below are career links.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Cultural anthropology is one of four fields of anthropology (the holistic study of humanity). It is the branch of anthropology that has developed and promoted "culture" as a meaningful scientific concept, studied cultural variation among humans, and examined the impact of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities.
The anthropological concept of "culture" reflects in part a reaction against earlier Western discourses based on an opposition between "culture" and "nature," according to which some human beings lived in a "state of nature." Anthropologists have argued that culture is "human nature," and that all people have a capacity to classify experiences, encode classifications symbolically (i.e. in language), and teach such abstractions to others. Since humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, people living in different places or different circumstances develop different cultures. Anthropologists have also pointed out that through culture people can adapt to their environment in non-genetic ways, so people living in different environments will often have different cultures. Much of anthropological theory has originated in an appreciation of and interest in the tension between the local (particular cultures) and the global (a universal human nature, or the web of connections between people in distinct places/circumstances).
Parallel with the rise of cultural anthropology in the United States, social anthropology, in which sociality is the central concept and which focuses on the study of social statuses and roles, groups, institutions, and the relations among them, developed as an academic discipline in Britain. An umbrella term socio-cultural anthropology makes reference to both cultural and social anthropology traditions.
ARCHAEOLOGY
Archaeology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. Because archaeology's aim is to understand humankind, it is a humanistic endeavor. Furthermore, due to its analysis of human cultures, it is therefore a subset of anthropology, which contains: Physical anthropology, Cultural anthropology, Archaeology, and linguistics. The goals of archaeology vary, and there is debate as to what its aims and responsibilities are. Some goals include the documentation and explanation of the origins and development of human cultures, understanding culture history, chronicling cultural evolution, and studying human behavior and ecology, for both prehistoric and historic societies.
Archaeologists are also concerned with the study of methods used in the discipline, and the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings underlying the questions archaeologists ask of the past. The tasks of surveying areas in order to find new sites, excavating sites in order to recover cultural remains, classification, analysis, and preservation are all important phases of the archaeological process. These are all important sources of information. Given the broad scope of the discipline there is a great deal of cross-disciplinary research in archaeology. It draws upon anthropology, history, art history, classics, ethnology, geography, geology, linguistics, physics, information sciences, chemistry, statistics, paleoecology, paleontology, paleozoology, paleoethnobotany, and paleobotany.
ANCIENT HISTORY (aka. Classical Antiquity)
Ancient history is the study of the written past from the beginning of recorded human history until the Early Middle Ages in Europe, the Qin Dynasty in China, the Chola Empire in India, and some less defined point in the rest of the world (for example, the Austronesian regions, and North, Central, and South America). The period following these events includes the Imperial era in China and the period of the Middle Kingdoms in India; one might consider the end of antiquity in the Americas to be the start of the colonization of the Americas. The span of recorded history altogether is roughly 5,000 â 5,500 years, with Sumerian cuneiform being the oldest form of writing discovered so far. This is the beginning of history according to the definition used by most historians.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Cultural anthropology is one of four fields of anthropology (the holistic study of humanity). It is the branch of anthropology that has developed and promoted "culture" as a meaningful scientific concept, studied cultural variation among humans, and examined the impact of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities.
The anthropological concept of "culture" reflects in part a reaction against earlier Western discourses based on an opposition between "culture" and "nature," according to which some human beings lived in a "state of nature." Anthropologists have argued that culture is "human nature," and that all people have a capacity to classify experiences, encode classifications symbolically (i.e. in language), and teach such abstractions to others. Since humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, people living in different places or different circumstances develop different cultures. Anthropologists have also pointed out that through culture people can adapt to their environment in non-genetic ways, so people living in different environments will often have different cultures. Much of anthropological theory has originated in an appreciation of and interest in the tension between the local (particular cultures) and the global (a universal human nature, or the web of connections between people in distinct places/circumstances).
Parallel with the rise of cultural anthropology in the United States, social anthropology, in which sociality is the central concept and which focuses on the study of social statuses and roles, groups, institutions, and the relations among them, developed as an academic discipline in Britain. An umbrella term socio-cultural anthropology makes reference to both cultural and social anthropology traditions.
ARCHAEOLOGY
Archaeology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. Because archaeology's aim is to understand humankind, it is a humanistic endeavor. Furthermore, due to its analysis of human cultures, it is therefore a subset of anthropology, which contains: Physical anthropology, Cultural anthropology, Archaeology, and linguistics. The goals of archaeology vary, and there is debate as to what its aims and responsibilities are. Some goals include the documentation and explanation of the origins and development of human cultures, understanding culture history, chronicling cultural evolution, and studying human behavior and ecology, for both prehistoric and historic societies.
Archaeologists are also concerned with the study of methods used in the discipline, and the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings underlying the questions archaeologists ask of the past. The tasks of surveying areas in order to find new sites, excavating sites in order to recover cultural remains, classification, analysis, and preservation are all important phases of the archaeological process. These are all important sources of information. Given the broad scope of the discipline there is a great deal of cross-disciplinary research in archaeology. It draws upon anthropology, history, art history, classics, ethnology, geography, geology, linguistics, physics, information sciences, chemistry, statistics, paleoecology, paleontology, paleozoology, paleoethnobotany, and paleobotany.
ANCIENT HISTORY (aka. Classical Antiquity)
Ancient history is the study of the written past from the beginning of recorded human history until the Early Middle Ages in Europe, the Qin Dynasty in China, the Chola Empire in India, and some less defined point in the rest of the world (for example, the Austronesian regions, and North, Central, and South America). The period following these events includes the Imperial era in China and the period of the Middle Kingdoms in India; one might consider the end of antiquity in the Americas to be the start of the colonization of the Americas. The span of recorded history altogether is roughly 5,000 â 5,500 years, with Sumerian cuneiform being the oldest form of writing discovered so far. This is the beginning of history according to the definition used by most historians.
Hard Disk Data Recovery in Chandigarh, India?
Q. Hello All, I am looking for best data recovery service provider in Chandigarh, I have lost my data during working on my laptop.
A. Hello Sunny,
You can find many data recovery service provider in Chandigarh through Google. Just, you have to type Data Recovery Chandigarh. I am giving you links which are most popular, affordable and best service provider in Chandigarh.
http://www.kayzdatarecovery.in/
http://www.datarecoverychandigarh.com/
http://www.kayz.in/Data-Recovery.aspx
You can find many data recovery service provider in Chandigarh through Google. Just, you have to type Data Recovery Chandigarh. I am giving you links which are most popular, affordable and best service provider in Chandigarh.
http://www.kayzdatarecovery.in/
http://www.datarecoverychandigarh.com/
http://www.kayz.in/Data-Recovery.aspx
What is the meaning of "NTFS" and "FAT32" File systems? What is the difference between the two?
Q. What is the meaning of "NTFS" and "FAT32" File systems? What is the difference between the two? Which one is the BEST file system to use for home pc?
A. FAT 32 File System
The FAT32 file system was introduced in the second version of Windows 95, often know as Windows 95B or OSR2. It is really just an extension of the original FAT16 file system in order to remain compatible with existing programs, networks, and device drivers. The biggest improvement in FAT 32 is its ability to efficiently manage storage space on todayâs larger hard drives. It can handle disks larger than 2GB and format them with a single partition thereby allowing you to assign a single drive letter to your drive.
In addition, the FAT 32 file system only uses a 4KB cluster size for all hard disks under 8 Gigabytes. This reduces the amount of slack space found on your hard disk when you save small files to your drive. As mentioned earlier, a 1KB file takes up 32KB of space on a 1GB hard disk using the old FAT 16 file system. However, a 1KB file on the same hard disk using the FAT32 system takes up only 4KB of space, a savings of 28KB. This may sound trivial, but when you are dealing with an entire hard disk that has thousands of files, the savings is actually dramatic and even Microsoft claims that you will achieve at least 10 to 15 percent more efficient use of disk space on the average large hard disk.
FAT32 has some other advantages over the FAT 16 file system in regards to improved reliability. For example, under the FAT 16 file system, the root directory is located only at the beginning of the hard disk. If anything were to happen to this section of the hard disk, such as the development of bad sectors, the whole drive will become unusable as the file index will become damaged. Therefore, one will have to seek out special disk recovery tools to try to recover the data, which more than likely will be unsuccessful. By using the FAT 32 file system, the root directory can be located anywhere on the hard disk. Therefore, if anything happens to the section of the hard disk storing the root directory, the FAT 32 file systemâs built in utilities will be able to move the root directory to a safe location on the hard disk and repair the defective area. In addition, the FAT 32 file system can use both the default and the backup copy of the File Allocation Table. This means that if something were to happen to the default FAT, your system will continue to run by using the backup copy until the default can be repaired.
NTFS - New Technology File System
The NTFS file system was introduced with the first version of Windows NT (New Technology) and is a completely different file system from FAT 16 and Fat 32. Microsoft actually designed it to be more stable, reliable and offer end users greatly increased security.
Access rights can be assigned to files and directories, allowing users full access, partial access or no access at all to that data stored on your hard disk.
File and directory compression can be performed directly without the need for third party utilities as this feature is now built into the file system.
Disk quotas can be assigned, limiting the amount of disk space that users can access on a particular partition on the hard drive.
Built in Encryption where The NTFS 5.0 file system can automatically encrypt and decrypt file data as it is read and written to the hard disk.
Support for large hard disks, with a theoretical limit up to 2 TeraBytes (TB).
Support for long file names to 255 characters as well as "8 by 3" names.
File names are in Unicode, allowing people in countries not using the Latin alphabet (e.g., Greece, Japan, India, Russia, and Israel) to write file names in their native language.
Using The FAT And/Or The NTFS File System
If you plan on running more than one operating system on your computer, often referred to Dual Booting, you will definitely need to format some of your volumes with the FAT file system. Any programs or data that need to be accessed by more than one operating system should be stored on the FAT volume(s). But do keep in mind that there is no security for data stored on a FAT16 or FAT32 volume. Therefore, any user with access to the computer, either directly or across a network can read, change, or even delete files that are stored on a FAT16 or FAT32 partition. Therefore, you definitely do want to store any sensitive files on drives or partitions formatted with NTFS file systems.
The FAT32 file system was introduced in the second version of Windows 95, often know as Windows 95B or OSR2. It is really just an extension of the original FAT16 file system in order to remain compatible with existing programs, networks, and device drivers. The biggest improvement in FAT 32 is its ability to efficiently manage storage space on todayâs larger hard drives. It can handle disks larger than 2GB and format them with a single partition thereby allowing you to assign a single drive letter to your drive.
In addition, the FAT 32 file system only uses a 4KB cluster size for all hard disks under 8 Gigabytes. This reduces the amount of slack space found on your hard disk when you save small files to your drive. As mentioned earlier, a 1KB file takes up 32KB of space on a 1GB hard disk using the old FAT 16 file system. However, a 1KB file on the same hard disk using the FAT32 system takes up only 4KB of space, a savings of 28KB. This may sound trivial, but when you are dealing with an entire hard disk that has thousands of files, the savings is actually dramatic and even Microsoft claims that you will achieve at least 10 to 15 percent more efficient use of disk space on the average large hard disk.
FAT32 has some other advantages over the FAT 16 file system in regards to improved reliability. For example, under the FAT 16 file system, the root directory is located only at the beginning of the hard disk. If anything were to happen to this section of the hard disk, such as the development of bad sectors, the whole drive will become unusable as the file index will become damaged. Therefore, one will have to seek out special disk recovery tools to try to recover the data, which more than likely will be unsuccessful. By using the FAT 32 file system, the root directory can be located anywhere on the hard disk. Therefore, if anything happens to the section of the hard disk storing the root directory, the FAT 32 file systemâs built in utilities will be able to move the root directory to a safe location on the hard disk and repair the defective area. In addition, the FAT 32 file system can use both the default and the backup copy of the File Allocation Table. This means that if something were to happen to the default FAT, your system will continue to run by using the backup copy until the default can be repaired.
NTFS - New Technology File System
The NTFS file system was introduced with the first version of Windows NT (New Technology) and is a completely different file system from FAT 16 and Fat 32. Microsoft actually designed it to be more stable, reliable and offer end users greatly increased security.
Access rights can be assigned to files and directories, allowing users full access, partial access or no access at all to that data stored on your hard disk.
File and directory compression can be performed directly without the need for third party utilities as this feature is now built into the file system.
Disk quotas can be assigned, limiting the amount of disk space that users can access on a particular partition on the hard drive.
Built in Encryption where The NTFS 5.0 file system can automatically encrypt and decrypt file data as it is read and written to the hard disk.
Support for large hard disks, with a theoretical limit up to 2 TeraBytes (TB).
Support for long file names to 255 characters as well as "8 by 3" names.
File names are in Unicode, allowing people in countries not using the Latin alphabet (e.g., Greece, Japan, India, Russia, and Israel) to write file names in their native language.
Using The FAT And/Or The NTFS File System
If you plan on running more than one operating system on your computer, often referred to Dual Booting, you will definitely need to format some of your volumes with the FAT file system. Any programs or data that need to be accessed by more than one operating system should be stored on the FAT volume(s). But do keep in mind that there is no security for data stored on a FAT16 or FAT32 volume. Therefore, any user with access to the computer, either directly or across a network can read, change, or even delete files that are stored on a FAT16 or FAT32 partition. Therefore, you definitely do want to store any sensitive files on drives or partitions formatted with NTFS file systems.
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